Spring MVC equivalent to ASP.NET RouteData

This cannot be done from inside a filter. You have to do it with a HandlerInterceptor implementation. In the preHandle method you can get the PathVariables like this:

Map pathVariables = (Map)request.getAttribute(HandlerMapping.URI_TEMPLATE_VARIABLES_ATTRIBUTE);

Here's a short compiled sample:

Implement the HandlerMapping interface:

import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerInterceptor;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerMapping;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.util.Map;

public class ParameterValidationHandlerInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
    @Override
    public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {
        Map pathVariables = (Map) request.getAttribute(HandlerMapping.URI_TEMPLATE_VARIABLES_ATTRIBUTE);
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception {
    }

    @Override
    public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception {
    }
}

Register the interceptor in the application:

@Override
public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) {
    registry.addInterceptor(new ParameterValidationHandlerInterceptor());
}