使用Maven在IntelliJ IDEA中构建JavaFX应用

我在尝试使用Maven构建JavaFX应用程序时遇到了一些困难。该应用程序可以从IDE正常运行。我运行maven包任务，它会创建JAR文件。问题是此文件无法运行。我检查了包含清单，没有入口点。我已经添加了它，但是该文件仍然无法运行。这就是清单现在的样子（最后一个字符串是手动添加的）：

Manifest-Version: 1.0
Archiver-Version: Plexus Archiver
Created-By: Apache Maven 3.6.3
Built-By: Комп
Build-Jdk: 15
Main-Class: org.example.App

pom文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>org.example</groupId>
  <artifactId>Refinement</artifactId>
  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>


  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <maven.compiler.source>1.7</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>1.7</maven.compiler.target>
  </properties>

  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>junit</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
      <version>3.8.1</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
      <artifactId>javafx-controls</artifactId>
      <version>11.0.2</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.openjfx/javafx-maven-plugin -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
      <artifactId>javafx-maven-plugin</artifactId>
      <version>0.0.4</version>
    </dependency>

  </dependencies>

  <build>
    <plugins>
      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
        <artifactId>javafx-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>0.0.4</version>
        <configuration>
          <mainClass>org.example.App</mainClass>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>
    </plugins>
  </build>


</project>

并建立日志

"C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-15\bin\java.exe" -Dmaven.multiModuleProjectDirectory=C:\Users\Комп\Documents\javaProjects\Refinement "-Dmaven.home=C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2018.3.3\plugins\maven\lib\maven3" "-Dclassworlds.conf=C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2018.3.3\plugins\maven\lib\maven3\bin\m2.conf" "-Dmaven.ext.class.path=C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2018.3.3\plugins\maven\lib\maven-event-listener.jar" "-javaagent:C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2018.3.3\lib\idea_rt.jar=65494:C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2018.3.3\bin" -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -classpath "C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2018.3.3\plugins\maven\lib\maven3\boot\plexus-classworlds-2.6.0.jar;C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2018.3.3\plugins\maven\lib\maven3\boot\plexus-classworlds.license" org.codehaus.classworlds.Launcher -Didea.version=2020.2.2 package
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO] 
[INFO] -----------------------< org.example:Refinement >-----------------------
[INFO] Building Refinement 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ Refinement ---
[INFO] Using 'UTF-8' encoding to copy filtered resources.
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory C:\Users\Комп\Documents\javaProjects\Refinement\src\main\resources
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:compile (default-compile) @ Refinement ---
[INFO] Nothing to compile - all classes are up to date
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ Refinement ---
[INFO] Using 'UTF-8' encoding to copy filtered resources.
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory C:\Users\Комп\Documents\javaProjects\Refinement\src\test\resources
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ Refinement ---
[INFO] Nothing to compile - all classes are up to date
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.12.4:test (default-test) @ Refinement ---
[INFO] Surefire report directory: C:\Users\Комп\Documents\javaProjects\Refinement\target\surefire-reports

-------------------------------------------------------
 T E S T S
-------------------------------------------------------
Running org.example.AppTest
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.052 sec

Results :

Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0

[INFO] 
[INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ Refinement ---
[INFO] Building jar: C:\Users\Комп\Documents\javaProjects\Refinement\target\Refinement-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  35.456 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2020-10-06T12:04:09+03:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

更新

我尝试从CLI启动JAR文件并收到错误消息：

Error: Could not find or load main class org.example.App
Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: javafx/application/Application

也许我必须在JAR文件中包含JavaFX类？我不确定用户的计算机上是否安装了JavaFX，并且我不想依赖于此。

我也尝试过重建pom文件，如使用Maven构建最小的JavaFX 11应用程序中所示。这个新版本还会引发错误：

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: javafx/application/Application
        at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
        at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:1016)
        at java.base/java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:151)
        at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader.defineClass(BuiltinClassLoader.java:825)
        at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader.findClassOnClassPathOrNull(BuiltinClassLoader.java:723)
        at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader.loadClassOrNull(BuiltinClassLoader.java:646)
        at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader.loadClass(BuiltinClassLoader.java:604)
        at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders$AppClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoaders.java:168)
        at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:522)
        at org.example.Launcher.main(Launcher.java:5)
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: javafx.application.Application
        at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader.loadClass(BuiltinClassLoader.java:606)
        at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders$AppClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoaders.java:168)
        at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:522)
        ... 10 more

看起来比较冗长，但本质在我心中是一样的。

检查PATH变量，它指向JavaFX lib文件夹。